By Danny LeRoy
and Jason Clemens
The Fraser Institute

Why are broad trade agreements that benefit almost all Canadians being jeopardized to protect a small subset of farmers, estimated at 13,500 across Canada?

The United States has repeatedly indicated that a key tension in North American Free Trade (NAFTA) renegotiations is Canada’s protection of dairy, poultry and egg producers. These protectionist policies, known as supply management, were also an irritant in the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations.

Danny
Leroy

Supply management is a set of government-imposed production quotas and structured prices to limit domestic supply while impeding consumer access to foreign imports through high tariffs. The outcome is reduced choice and higher prices for consumers, and higher revenues for producers.

An often overlooked aspect of this protectionism is that it disproportionately affects the poor. A 2012 analysis by economists Christopher Sarlo and Larry Martin concluded that poorer families spend almost 25 per cent of their income on food compared to less than six per cent for high-income families. Policies that raise prices of milk, butter, cheese, eggs and chicken affect lower-income families, and those with children, to a greater degree than other families.

A more recent analysis calculated the annual grocery bill for lower-income families was $339 higher due to supply management.

Both studies, as well as others, characterized supply management as highly regressive – meaning that it falls most heavily on lower-income families.

A common defence is that supply and border controls ensure an appropriate availability of high-quality, domestically-produced goods. However, this response ignores the reality in other jurisdictions where consumers and producers enjoy the benefits of more open, free-flowing exchange.

Jason
Clemens

In Australia and New Zealand, for example, the agricultural protectionism systems were dismantled, with residents enjoying the resulting benefits of lower costs and improved choices. These experiences provide insight on the best and most efficient ways to eliminate supply management in Canada.

The federal government should deregulate the production and marketing of supply-managed commodities, and tariffs should be abolished on imports of dairy and poultry products. These two measures would offer all consumers and all producers in Canada a wider, more competitive market to buy and sell.

During the transition, a temporary tax – in the strictest sense – could be introduced so prices for supply-managed consumer goods wouldn’t change for a short specific time, perhaps three or four years. The collected proceeds could be used to compensate producers for the loss of quotas. The amounts provided should reflect the length of time each producer benefited from the quotas; the longer a producer enjoyed that benefit, the smaller the payout.

Dismantling supply management would provide tremendous opportunities for Canadians. While all consumers would gain, lower-income households and those with children would benefit most. It would remove a major irritant at a critical time in trade negotiations. And it would expand existing agri-food markets and open new markets for Canadian producers.

Danny LeRoy is an agricultural economist at the University of Lethbridge and senior fellow of the Fraser Institute. Jason Clemens is the executive vice-president at the Fraser Institute.

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